Here, metagenomic 16S rRNA gene data were generated to study colonization rules of the gut flora in workers by detecting dynamics in diversity and the relative abundance of gut bacteria across 14 time points post-emergence from pupal case, including 0 pupation-hours/control, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, and 156 post-emergence-hours (peh). However, colonization rules of the gut flora remain largely unknown. Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is widely used in investigations involved in gut flora, and the gut flora of their workers have been demonstrated to be completely colonized within 7 days of emergence. cerana in Vietnam and provides potential probiotic species for beekeeping. This is the first report on the gut microbiota community at different developmental stages of A. apicola (4.13%) in pupae and Lactobacillus Firm-5 (4.04%) in larvae. In contrast, pupae and larvae lacked almost all core bacteria except G. In the gut of adult bees, four of five core bacteria were found, including Gilliamella apicola group (34.01%) Bifidobacterium asteroides group (10.3%), Lactobacillus Firm-4 (2%), and Lactobacillus Firm-5 (1%). In larvae, Firmicutes were the most predominant (81.55%) however, they decreased significantly along with the bee development (33.7% in pupae and 10.3% in adults) in favor of Proteobacteria. All three bee groups showed relative abundance at both phylum and family levels. The results indicated that the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota varied over the investigated stages of A. In this study, the gut microbiota at different developmental stages (larvae, pupae, and adults) of the honeybees Apis cerana in Hanoi, Vietnam, was assessed by sequencing the V3–V4 region in the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina Miseq platform. Therefore, a thorough understanding of gut bacteria composition can lead to the development of probiotics specific for each development stage of honeybees. Increasing evidence shows that the gut microbiome greatly influences the host’s health. Honeybees play a vital role in the ecological environment and agricultural economy. Our findings provide an important rationale for protecting honeybees from pollutants from the perspective of gut microbes. These results suggest that gut bacteria may protect against DM stress by improving host immunity. Interestingly, we found that the immunity-genes Defensin-2 and Toll were significantly upregulated in bees after the colonization of gut bacteria. Importantly, in studies of GF-bees, we found that the colonization of important gut bacteria such as Gilliamella apicola and Lactobacillus kunkeei significantly increased bee resistance to DM (survival rate increased from 16.7 to 66.7%). In addition, metagenomic sequencing further revealed that DM exposure significantly reduced the diversity of the bee gut microbiota (Chao1, p < 0.0001 Shannon, p < 0.0001 Simpson, p < 0.0001) and decreased the relative abundance of core species of the gut microbiota. In this study, we found that deltamethrin exposure significantly reduced bee survival in a dose-dependent manner (p = 0.025). However, the use of pesticides has posed a substantial threat to bees in recent years, with the more widely used deltamethrin being the most harmful.
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are important economic insects and play important roles in pollination and maintenance of ecological balance.
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